by Calculated Risk on 2/06/2022 12:17:00 PM

The first graph shows the unemployment rate by four levels of education (all groups are 25 years and older) through March 2021. Note: This is an update to a post from a few years ago.

Unfortunately, this data only goes back to 1992 and includes only three recessions (the stock / tech bust in 2001, and the housing bust/financial crisis, and the 2020 pandemic). Clearly education matters with regards to the unemployment rate, with the lowest rate for college graduates at 2.3% in January, and highest for those without a high school degree at 6.3% in January.

All four groups were generally trending down prior to the pandemic.   And all are nearly back to pre-pandemic levels now.

Click on graph for larger image.

Note: This says nothing about the quality of jobs - as an example, a college graduate working at minimum wage would be considered "employed".

This brings up an interesting question: What is the composition of the labor force by educational attainment, and how has that been changing over time?

Here is some data on the U.S. labor force by educational attainment since 1992.

Currently, almost 62 million people in the U.S. labor force have a bachelor's degree or higher.  This is over 43% of the labor force, up from 26.2% in 1992.

This is the only category trending up.  "Some college" has been steady (and trending down lately), and both "high school" and "less than high school" have been trending down.

Based on current trends, probably half the labor force will have at least a bachelor's degree by the end of this decade (2020s).

Some thoughts: Since workers with bachelor's degrees typically have a lower unemployment rate, rising educational attainment is probably a factor in pushing down the overall unemployment rate over time.

Also, I'd guess more education would mean less labor turnover, and that education is a factor in lower weekly claims (prior to the pandemic).

A more educated labor force is a positive for the future.

by Calculated Risk on 2/05/2022 02:11:00 PM

At the Calculated Risk Real Estate Newsletter this week:

• "Mortgage Rates Leap Toward 4.0%, Highest Since October 2019"

• Mike Simonsen of Altos Research and I Discuss Housing

• Rents Still Increasing Sharply Year-over-year NMHC: "Apartment occupancy remains at record-highs"

• Median vs Repeat Sales Index House Prices

This is usually published several times a week, and provides more in-depth analysis of the housing market.

The blog will continue as always!

You can subscribe at https://calculatedrisk.substack.com/  Most content is available for free, but please subscribe!.

by Calculated Risk on 2/05/2022 08:11:00 AM

The key reports this week are January CPI and the December trade deficit.

----- Monday, February 7th -----
No major economic releases scheduled.

----- Tuesday, February 8th -----
6:00 AM ET: NFIB Small Business Optimism Index for January.

8:30 AM: Trade Balance report for December from the Census Bureau.

This graph shows the U.S. trade deficit, with and without petroleum, through the most recent report. The blue line is the total deficit, and the black line is the petroleum deficit, and the red line is the trade deficit ex-petroleum products.

The consensus is the trade deficit to be $83.0 billion.  The U.S. trade deficit was at $80.2 billion in November.

11:00 AM: NY Fed: Q4 Quarterly Report on Household Debt and Credit

----- Wednesday, February 9th -----
7:00 AM ET: The Mortgage Bankers Association (MBA) will release the results for the mortgage purchase applications index.

----- Thursday, February 10th -----
8:30 AM: The initial weekly unemployment claims report will be released.  The consensus is for a decrease to 235 thousand from 238 thousand last week.

8:30 AM: The Consumer Price Index for January from the BLS. The consensus is for 0.5% increase in CPI, and a 0.5% increase in core CPI.

----- Friday, February 11th -----
10:00 AM: University of Michigan's Consumer sentiment index (Preliminary for February). The consensus is for a reading of 67.0.

by Calculated Risk on 2/04/2022 10:00:00 PM

On COVID (focus on hospitalizations and deaths):

COVID Metrics
	Now	Week Ago	Goal
Percent fully Vaccinated	64.0%	---	≥70.0%1
Fully Vaccinated (millions)	212.3	---	≥2321
New Cases per Day3	343,563	577,975	≤5,0002
Hospitalized3	120,724	140,770	≤3,0002
Deaths per Day3🚩	2,371	2,353	≤502
1 Minimum to achieve "herd immunity" (estimated between 70% and 85%). 2my goals to stop daily posts, 37-day average for Cases, Currently Hospitalized, and Deaths 🚩 Increasing 7-day average week-over-week for Cases, Hospitalized, and Deaths ✅ Goal met.

Click on graph for larger image.

This graph shows the daily (columns) and 7-day average (line) of positive tests reported.

New cases and hospitalizations are now declining.

Unfortunately, deaths are still rising, but will likely start declining soon (following cases and hospitalizations).  

by Calculated Risk on 2/04/2022 04:17:00 PM

Today, in the Calculated Risk Real Estate Newsletter: "Mortgage Rates Leap Toward 4.0%, Highest Since October 2019"

A brief excerpt:

With the strong employment report for January, interest rates have increased.

Mortgage News Daily reports that the most prevalent 30-year fixed rate is now at 3.85% for top tier scenarios. Matthew Graham at Mortgage News Daily wrote today: Mortgage Rates Leap Toward 4.0%, Highest Since October 2019

If we disregard the once-in-a-lifetime volatility seen in March 2020 (and we absolutely should), today's mortgage rates are now in line with the highs seen in October 2019.  The average lender is now quoting conventional 30yr fixed rates in the 3.75-3.875% neighborhood.  That's a full eighth of a point higher than yesterday, and more than a full percentage point higher than the lowest rates in August 2021.  Many less than perfect loan scenarios will see rates over 4%.

With the ten-year yield at 1.93%, and based on an historical relationship, 30-year rates should currently be around 3.8%. So, mortgage rates are as expected based on the ten-year yield.

The graph shows the relationship between the monthly 10-year Treasury Yield and 30-year mortgage rates from the Freddie Mac survey.

There is much more in the article. You can subscribe at https://calculatedrisk.substack.com/

by Calculated Risk on 2/04/2022 02:46:00 PM

From the Association of American Railroads (AAR) Rail Time Indicators. Graphs and excerpts reprinted with permission.

U.S. railroads originated 902,265 total carloads in January 2022, down 3.0% (27,861 carloads) from January 2021. It’s the fewest carloads for the first four weeks of a year since sometime before 1988, when our data begin. ...

U.S. intermodal volume was 1.00 million units in January 2022, down 14.6% from last year, but January 2021 was the second best month ever for intermodal.
emphasis added

Click on graph for larger image.

This graph from the Rail Time Indicators report shows the six-week average of U.S. Carloads in 2019, 2020 and 2021:

U.S. railroads originated 902,265 total carloads in January 2022, down 3.0% (27,861 carloads) from January 2021 and the fewest for the first four weeks of a year since sometime before 1988, when our data begin. ... Carloads excluding coal fell 6.0% in January 2022 from last year, their biggest year-over-year decline since February 2021 and, before that, August 2020.

The second graph shows the six-week average (not monthly) of U.S. intermodal in 2019, 2020 and 2021: (using intermodal or shipping containers):

U.S. intermodal originations totaled 1.00 million units in January 2022, down 14.6% (171,796 units) from January 2021. As with some carload commodities, the comparisons for intermodal were tough: January 2021 was the second highest volume month ever for U.S. intermodal, fractionally behind April 2021. January 2022 was the fifth best January ever for intermodal.

by Calculated Risk on 2/04/2022 01:07:00 PM

From CoStar: STR: US Hotels Improve Performance From Prior Week

U.S. hotel performance increased slightly from the previous week and showed improved comparisons against 2019, according to STR‘s latest data through Jan. 29.

Jan. 23-29, 2022 (percentage change from comparable week in 2019*):

• Occupancy: 49.7% (-12.2%)
• Average daily rate (ADR): $122.40 (-1.9%)
• Revenue per available room (RevPAR): $60.82 (-13.9%)

*Due to the pandemic impact, STR is measuring recovery against comparable time periods from 2019.
emphasis added

The following graph shows the seasonal pattern for the hotel occupancy rate using the four-week average.

Click on graph for larger image.

The red line is for 2022, black is 2020, blue is the median, and dashed light blue is for 2021.

The 4-week average of the occupancy rate is below the median rate for the previous 20 years (Blue).

Note: Y-axis doesn't start at zero to better show the seasonal change.

The 4-week average of the occupancy rate will increase seasonally over the next few months.

by Calculated Risk on 2/04/2022 09:32:00 AM

This was a strong report, and the revisions show job growth was stronger - and steadier - over the last year than originally reported.

The headline jobs number in the January employment report was well above expectations, and employment for the previous two months was revised up by 709,000.   The participation rate and the employment-population ratio both increased, however the unemployment rate increased to 4.0%.

Leisure and hospitality gained 151 thousand jobs in January.  In March and April of 2020, leisure and hospitality lost 8.20 million jobs, and are now down 1.75 million jobs since February 2020.  So, leisure and hospitality has now added back about 79% all of the jobs lost in March and April 2020.

Construction employment decreased 5 thousand and is now 101 thousand below the pre-pandemic level. 

Manufacturing added 13 thousand jobs and is still 226 thousand below the pre-pandemic level.

Earlier: January Employment Report: 467 thousand Jobs, 4.0% Unemployment Rate

In January, the year-over-year employment change was 6.61 million jobs.

Permanent Job Losers

Click on graph for larger image.

This graph shows permanent job losers as a percent of the pre-recession peak in employment through the report today. (ht Joe Weisenthal at Bloomberg).

This data is only available back to 1994, so there is only data for three recessions.

In January, the number of permanent job losers decreased to 1.630 million from 1.703 million in November.

These jobs will likely be the hardest to recover, so it is a positive that the number of permanent job losers is declining fairly rapidly.

Prime (25 to 54 Years Old) Participation

Since the overall participation rate has declined due to cyclical (recession) and demographic (aging population, younger people staying in school) reasons, here is the employment-population ratio for the key working age group: 25 to 54 years old.

The prime working age will be key as the economy recovers.

The 25 to 54 participation rate increased in January to 82.0% from 81.9% in December, and the 25 to 54 employment population ratio increased to 79.1% from 79.0% the previous month.

Both are still below the pre-pandemic levels and indicate that some prime workers have still not returned to the labor force.

Part Time for Economic Reasons

From the BLS report:

"The number of persons employed part time for economic reasons, at 3.7 million, continued to trend down over the month. The over-the-year decline of 2.2 million brings this measure to 673,000 below its February 2020 level. These individuals, who would have preferred full-time employment, were working part time because their hours had been reduced or they were unable to find full-time jobs."

The number of persons working part time for economic reasons decreased in January to 3.717 million from 3.929 million in December. This is lower than pre-recession levels.

These workers are included in the alternate measure of labor underutilization (U-6) that decreased to 7.1% from 7.3% in the previous month. This is down from the record high in April 22.9% for this measure since 1994. This measure was at 7.0% in February 2020 (pre-pandemic).

Unemployed over 26 Weeks

This graph shows the number of workers unemployed for 27 weeks or more.

According to the BLS, there are 1.691 million workers who have been unemployed for more than 26 weeks and still want a job, down from 2.008 million the previous month.

This does not include all the people that left the labor force. 

Summary:

The headline monthly jobs number was well above expectations; and the previous two months were revised up by 709,000 combined.  With the revisions - including the benchmark revision - job growth was stronger and steadier over the last year than originally reported.  

The headline unemployment rate increased to 4.0% as the participation rate increased.  The household survey indicated a large gain in employment of 1.01 million.

The prime age participation rate and employment-population ratio, are still below pre-pandemic levels, indicating some prime workers are still out of the labor force.   And there are still 2.9 million fewer jobs than prior to the recession.  

Overall, this was a very strong report - and surprising given the surge in COVID cases in January.

 

by Calculated Risk on 2/04/2022 08:47:00 AM

From the BLS:

Total nonfarm payroll employment rose by 467,000 in January, and the unemployment rate was little changed at 4.0 percent, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Employment growth continued in leisure and hospitality, in professional and business services, in retail trade, and in transportation and warehousing.
emphasis added

Click on graph for larger image.

The first graph shows the year-over-year change in total non-farm employment since 1968.

In January, the year-over-year change was 6.61 million jobs.  This was up significantly year-over-year.

Total payrolls increased by 467 thousand in January.  Private payrolls increased by 444 thousand, and public payrolls increased 23 thousand.

Payrolls for November and December were revised up 709 thousand, combined.

The second graph shows the job losses from the start of the employment recession, in percentage terms.

The current employment recession was by far the worst recession since WWII in percentage terms. However, the current employment recession, 23 months after the onset, is now significantly better than the worst of the "Great Recession".

The third graph shows the employment population ratio and the participation rate.

The Labor Force Participation Rate increased to 62.2% in January, from 61.9% in December. This is the percentage of the working age population in the labor force.

The Employment-Population ratio increased to 59.7% from 59.5% (blue line).

I'll post the 25 to 54 age group employment-population ratio graph later.

The fourth graph shows the unemployment rate.

The unemployment rate increased in January to 4.0% from 3.9% in December.

This was well above consensus expectations; and November and December payrolls were revised up by 709,000 combined.  

On the annual benchmark revision:

The total nonfarm employment level for March 2021 was revised upward by 374,000. On a not seasonally adjusted basis, total nonfarm employment for March 2021 was revised downward by 7,000, or less than -0.05 percent.

I'll have more later ...

by Calculated Risk on 2/03/2022 10:37:00 PM

My January Employment Preview

Goldman January Payrolls Preview

Friday:
• At 8:30 AM ET, Employment Report for January.   The consensus is for 155 thousand jobs added, and for the unemployment rate to be unchanged at 3.9%.  There were 199 thousand jobs added in December, and the unemployment rate was at 3.9%.

On COVID (focus on hospitalizations and deaths):

COVID Metrics
	Now	Week Ago	Goal
Percent fully Vaccinated	63.9%	---	≥70.0%1
Fully Vaccinated (millions)	212.1	---	≥2321
New Cases per Day3	415,552	636,024	≤5,0002
Hospitalized3	124,134	142,482	≤3,0002
Deaths per Day3🚩	2,369	2,286	≤502
1 Minimum to achieve "herd immunity" (estimated between 70% and 85%). 2my goals to stop daily posts, 37-day average for Cases, Currently Hospitalized, and Deaths 🚩 Increasing 7-day average week-over-week for Cases, Hospitalized, and Deaths ✅ Goal met.

Click on graph for larger image.

This graph shows the daily (columns) and 7-day average (line) of positive tests reported.

New cases and hospitalizations are now declining.

Unfortunately, deaths are still rising, but well below the previous 7-day average record of 3,421 in January 2021.